Category Archives: Linux

Linux, Ubuntu, Ubuntu 6.06 LTS (Dapper Drake), Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)

APT Package Resource List for Old Ubuntu Releases

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Package repositories for old Ubuntu releases are dropped from Ubuntu’s upstream package repository and are removed from Ubuntu package mirrors. However, Ubuntu still makes them available here: http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/. Here is an example /etc/apt/sources.list file for Ubuntu Dapper:

#
# /etc/apt/sources.list
# Ubuntu Dapper 6.06
#
#
# main and restricted:
#
#   These are the primary package archives.
#
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper main restricted
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates main restricted
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security main restricted
#
# universe:
#
#   Additional software from the larger pool of debian packages.  Gobs and
#   gobs of useful software lives here, however, software from this
#   repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu team.
#
#   Note: Some of the software in this repository may not be under a free
#         licence. Please satisfy yourself as to your rights to use the
#         software.
#
#   Note: Software in this repository WILL NOT receive any review or
#         updates from the Ubuntu security team.
#
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper universe
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper universe
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates universe
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates universe
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security universe
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security universe
#
# multiverse:
#
#  Additional software that is "not free", which means the licensing
#  requirements of this software do not meet the Ubuntu "main" Component
#  Licence Policy.
#
#  Note: This software is not supported and usually cannot be fixed or
#  updated. Use it at your own risk.
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper multiverse
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper multiverse
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates multiverse
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-updates multiverse
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security multiverse
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-security multiverse
#
# backports:
#
#   Software from a newer release of the distribution, or even from the
#   development branch of the distribution, but built against this release.
#   It may provide newer features, but should be considered untested.
#
#   Note: Software in this repository WILL NOT receive any review or
#         updates from the Ubuntu security team.
#
#deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted
#deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports main restricted
#deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports universe
#deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports universe
#deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports multiverse
#deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu dapper-backports multiverse

Here is an example /etc/apt/sources.list file for Ubuntu Hardy:

#
# /etc/apt/sources.list
# Ubuntu Hardy 8.04
#
#
# main and restricted:
#
#   These are the primary package archives.
#
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy main restricted
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy main restricted
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-updates main restricted
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-updates main restricted
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-security main restricted
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-security main restricted
#
# universe:
#
#   Additional software from the larger pool of debian packages.  Gobs and
#   gobs of useful software lives here, however, software from this
#   repository is ENTIRELY UNSUPPORTED by the Ubuntu team.
#
#   Note: Some of the software in this repository may not be under a free
#         licence. Please satisfy yourself as to your rights to use the
#         software.
#
#   Note: Software in this repository WILL NOT receive any review or
#         updates from the Ubuntu security team.
#
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy universe
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy universe
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-updates universe
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-updates universe
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-security universe
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-security universe
#
# multiverse:
#
#  Additional software that is "not free", which means the licensing
#  requirements of this software do not meet the Ubuntu "main" Component
#  Licence Policy.
#
#  Note: This software is not supported and usually cannot be fixed or
#  updated. Use it at your own risk.
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy multiverse
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy multiverse
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-updates multiverse
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-updates multiverse
deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-security multiverse
deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-security multiverse
#
# backports:
#
#   Software from a newer release of the distribution, or even from the
#   development branch of the distribution, but built against this release.
#   It may provide newer features, but should be considered untested.
#
#   Note: Software in this repository WILL NOT receive any review or
#         updates from the Ubuntu security team.
#
#deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-backports main restricted
#deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-backports main restricted
#deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-backports universe
#deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-backports universe
#deb     http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-backports multiverse
#deb-src http://old-releases.ubuntu.com/ubuntu hardy-backports multiverse

References

Linux, Ubuntu, Ubuntu 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot)

Encrypting a Directory using TrueCrypt

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Create a password protected encrypted file container using TrueCrypt stored in the path ~/encrypted/encrypted.tc. The following script will decrypt this file and mount it as the directory ~/encrypted/encrypted. It will also unmount the directory when you are done.
 

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#!/bin/sh
# truecrypt-encrypted
# Mount and unmount an encrypted TrueCrypt directory.
#
# Author: Dave Lehman <dave@nowherelan.com>; http://nowherelan.com
# Date Created: 2012-01-01
# Version: 1.0
################################################################################
SCRIPTNAME=truecrypt-encrypted
ENCRYPTED_FILE=$HOME/encrypted/encrypted.tc
DECRYPTED_MNT=$HOME/encrypted/encrypted
mount(){
    mkdir -p $DECRYPTED_MNT
    truecrypt --text $ENCRYPTED_FILE $DECRYPTED_MNT
    return 0
}
umount(){
    truecrypt --text --dismount $DECRYPTED_FILE
    return 0
}
status(){
    truecrypt --text --list $DECRYPTED_FILE
    return 0
}
case "$1" in
    --mount)
        mount
        ;;
    --umount)
        umount
        ;;
    --status)
        status
        ;;
    *)
        echo "Usage: $SCRIPTNAME {--mount|--umount|--status}" >&2
        exit 0
        ;;
esac
exit 0
Linux, Ubuntu, Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx), Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)

curl: (60) SSL certificate problem, verify that the CA cert is OK

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When using curl, you may receive the following error message if you are missing the CA certificate in the directory tree /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/ for the site you are trying to connect to:

user@hardy:/tmp$ curl https://example.com
curl: (60) SSL certificate problem, verify that the CA cert is OK. Details:
error:14090086:SSL routines:SSL3_GET_SERVER_CERTIFICATE:certificate verify failed
More details here: http://curl.haxx.se/docs/sslcerts.html
curl performs SSL certificate verification by default, using a "bundle"
 of Certificate Authority (CA) public keys (CA certs). The default
 bundle is named curl-ca-bundle.crt; you can specify an alternate file
 using the --cacert option.
If this HTTPS server uses a certificate signed by a CA represented in
 the bundle, the certificate verification probably failed due to a
 problem with the certificate (it might be expired, or the name might
 not match the domain name in the URL).

The easiest way around this is to turn off curl’s verification of the certificate, using the -k (or –insecure) option. However, the best way is to add the associated CA certificate to your system by following these directions: Adding Additional SSL CA certificates.
On Ubuntu Hardy, curl is compiled to use the file /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt. You will see the following when executing curl against a site using HTTPS:

* successfully set certificate verify locations:
*   CAfile: /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt
  CApath: none

On Ubuntu Lucid, curl is compiled to use the CA certificate directory /etc/ssl/certs/. You will see the following when executing curl against a site using HTTPS:

* successfully set certificate verify locations:
*   CAfile: none
  CApath: /etc/ssl/certs

You can override this with the –ca-cert or –capath options.

Linux, Ubuntu, Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx), Ubuntu 8.04 LTS (Hardy Heron)

Adding Additional SSL CA certificates

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On Ubuntu, SSL CA certificates are stored in subdirectories of /usr/local/share/ca-certificates. In order to add additional CA certificates, first create a new subdirectory to store your CAs:

sudo mkdir /usr/local/share/ca-certificates/added

Then add your CA certificates to this directory. These files should have a .crt extension (e.g., my_ca.crt). Then append a line for each certificate you add to the configuration file /etc/ca-certificates.conf (e.g., “added/my_ca.crt“). Finally, run

sudo update-ca-certificates --fresh

This command reads the file /etc/ca-certificates.conf, updates the directory /etc/ssl/certs to hold SSL certificates and generates the file /etc/ssl/certs/certificates.crt. The script update-ca-certificates will use the command c_rehash take a hash value of each .crt file. It then creates symbolic links in the directory /etc/ssl/certs for each of the files named by the hash value. This is useful as many programs require directories to be set up like this in order to find the certificates they require. /etc/ssl/certs/certificates.crt is a concatenated single-file version of CA certificates. It contains all CA certificates that were activated in /etc/ca-certificates.conf.
Use the file command to verify that the .crt files you add use Unix newline characters, otherwise the /etc/ssl/certs/certificates.crt file may not be generated properly.

References

DOS, Linux, Ubuntu

Convert text files between DOS and Unix

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DOS text files traditionally have CR/LF (carriage return/line feed) pairs as their new line delimiters while Unix text files traditionally have LFs (line feeds) to terminate each line. Tofrodos comprises one program, “fromdos” alias “todos”, which converts text files to and from these formats. Use “fromdos” to convert DOS text files to the Unix format, and “todos” to convert Unix text files to the DOS format.
Homepage: http://www.thefreecountry.com/tofrodos/
To install on Ubuntu:

sudo aptitude install tofrodos
Linux, Ubuntu, Ubuntu 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot)

The following signatures were invalid: BADSIG 40976EAF437D05B5

7 Comments

I would get this error whenever I would run ‘sudo aptitude update’ or ‘sudo apt-get update’:

W: GPG error: http://mirror.anl.gov oneiric Release: The following signatures were invalid: BADSIG 40976EAF437D05B5 Ubuntu Archive Automatic Signing Key <ftpmaster@ubuntu.com>

I was able to resolve this issue for this GPG public key in particular by doing the following:

sudo apt-get clean
sudo mv /var/lib/apt/lists /tmp
sudo mkdir /var/lib/apt/lists
sudo apt-get update
Ubuntu, Ubuntu 11.10 (Oneiric Ocelot)

vpnc on Ubuntu Oneiric: "Error: either "to" is duplicate, or "ipid" is a garbage."

12 Comments

When one attempts to connect to their VPN after installing and configuring vpnc on Ubuntu Oneiric, the following error occurs:

root@ubuntu:~# vpnc-connect
Error: either "to" is duplicate, or "ipid" is a garbage.

After some time it eventually times out and fails to create a connection.
vpnc version information:

root@ubuntu:/tmp# vpnc --version
vpnc version 0.5.3
Copyright (C) 2002-2006 Geoffrey Keating, Maurice Massar, others
vpnc comes with NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
You may redistribute copies of vpnc under the terms of the GNU General
Public License.  For more information about these matters, see the files
named COPYING.
Built with certificate support.
Supported DH-Groups: nopfs dh1 dh2 dh5
Supported Hash-Methods: md5 sha1
Supported Encryptions: null des 3des aes128 aes192 aes256
Supported Auth-Methods: psk psk+xauth hybrid(rsa)

It appears that the Ubuntu package vpnc comes with an old version of vpnc-script. This script is what sets up all the addresses and routes for you. The OpenConnect project provides an updated / revised release of this script. Download the latest copy from here . Replace the vpnc-script script that comes with the Ubuntu vpnc package: /etc/vpnc/vpnc-script.

References

Linux, Ubuntu, Ubuntu 11.04 (Natty Narwhal)

Install GNOME 3 on Ubuntu Natty (10.04)

1 Comment

Add the GNOME3 Personal Package Archive (PPA)

With Natty, Ubuntu comes with Unity installed as its default desktop environment. GNOME remains in Ubuntu’s universe package repository. However, it contains version 2.30 and not the newly released version 3:

user@ubuntu:~$ apt-cache show gnome
Package: gnome
Priority: optional
Section: universe/gnome
Installed-Size: 60
Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <ubuntu-devel-discuss@lists.ubuntu.com>
Original-Maintainer: Debian GNOME Maintainers <pkg-gnome-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org>
Architecture: amd64
Source: meta-gnome2
Version: 1:2.30+7ubuntu3
Depends: gnome-desktop-environment (= 1:2.30+7ubuntu3), gdm, gnome-themes-extras, gnome-games (>= 1:2.30), libpam-gnome-keyring (>= 2.30), gstreamer0.10-plugins-ugly (>= 0.10.14), gstreamer0.10-ffmpeg (>= 0.10.10), rhythmbox-plugins (>= 0.12.8) | banshee (>= 1.6), rhythmbox-plugin-cdrecorder (>= 0.12.8) | banshee (>= 1.6), synaptic (>= 0.63), system-config-printer-gnome (>= 1.0.0), totem-mozilla, epiphany-extensions, gedit-plugins, evolution-plugins (>= 2.30), evolution-exchange (>= 2.30) | evolution-mapi (>= 0.30), evolution-webcal (>= 2.28), software-center, gnome-codec-install, transmission-gtk, avahi-daemon, tomboy (>= 1.2) | gnote
Recommends: gnome-games-extra-data (>= 2.30), network-manager-gnome (>= 0.8), gnome-office (= 1:2.30+7ubuntu3), update-notifier, shotwell, liferea | evolution-rss | blam, menu-xdg, gdebi, mozilla-plugin-gnash
Suggests: gnome-dbg, openoffice.org-gnome, openoffice.org-evolution
Conflicts: gnome-cups-manager
Filename: pool/universe/m/meta-gnome2/gnome_2.30+7ubuntu3_amd64.deb
Size: 2126
MD5sum: fa2a01a8c704eb05374ed95c74f6e84a
SHA1: cb2bcd2a12ea289afbc923c49359ba1f6a295516
SHA256: f792b1d4c4887d27d8c9e3a3f6bd9c773e12fea459b86e07f876d78262cc827c
Description: The GNOME Desktop Environment, with extra components
 This is the GNOME Desktop environment, an intuitive and attractive
 desktop, with extra components.
 .
 This package depends on the standard distribution of the GNOME desktop
 environment, plus a complete range of plugins and other applications
 integrating with GNOME and Debian, providing the best possible
 environment to date.
Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug
Origin: Ubuntu

This PPA contains packages from GNOME3 and their dependencies so they can be used in Ubuntu 11.04 (Natty).

user@ubuntu:~$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3
Executing: gpg --ignore-time-conflict --no-options --no-default-keyring --secret-keyring /etc/apt/secring.gpg --trustdb-name /etc/apt/trustdb.gpg --keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg --primary-keyring /etc/apt/trusted.gpg --keyserver hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80/ --recv 9D542E3D52C801D9F8E31682F1773AF13B1510FD
gpg: requesting key 3B1510FD from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com
gpg: key 3B1510FD: public key "Launchpad PPA for GNOME3 Team" imported
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg:               imported: 1  (RSA: 1)
user@ubuntu:~$ sudo apt-get update
root@ubuntu:~# sudo apt-get upgrade
root@ubuntu:/etc/apt/sources.list.d# aptitude upgrade
Resolving dependencies...
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  accountsservice{a} dconf-gsettings-backend{a}
  gir1.2-gnomebluetooth-1.0{a} gir1.2-gtk-3.0{a} gir1.2-peas-1.0{a}
  gir1.2-totem-1.0{a} gir1.2-totem-plparser-1.0{a} gnome-desktop3-data{a}
  gtk3-engines{a} gtk3-engines-unico{a} libaccountsservice0{a}
  libappindicator3-1{a} libaudit0{a} libavahi-ui-gtk3-0{a}
  libcamel-1.2-23{a} libcanberra-gtk3-0{a} libcanberra-gtk3-module{a}
  libcap2-bin{a} libdbusmenu-gtk3-3{a} libebackend-1.2-1{a}
  libedata-book-1.2-9{a} libedata-cal-1.2-11{a} libedataserverui-3.0-0{a}
  libgail-3-0{a} libgck0{a} libgcr-3-0{a} libgnome-control-center1{a}
  libgnome-desktop-3-0{a} libgnome-media-profiles-3.0-0{a} libgnomekbd7{a}
  libgtk-3-0{a} libgtk-3-bin{a} libgtk-3-common{a} libgtk-vnc-2.0-0{a}
  libgtkhtml-4.0-0{a} libgtkhtml-4.0-common{a} libgtkhtml-editor-4.0-0{a}
  libgtkmm-3.0-1{a} libgtksourceview-3.0-0{a}
  libgtksourceview-3.0-common{a} libgucharmap-2-90-7{a} libgvnc-1.0-0{a}
  libgweather-3-0{a} libindicator3-3{a} liblaunchpad-integration-3.0-1{a}
  libpeas-1.0-0{a} libpeas-common{a} libtotem0{a} libunique-3.0-0{a}
  libvte-2.90-9{a} libwebkitgtk-3.0-0{a} libwebkitgtk-3.0-common{a}
  libwnck-3-0{a} libwnck-3-common{a} sound-theme-freedesktop{a}
  zenity-common{a}
The following packages will be upgraded:
  aisleriot avahi-autoipd avahi-daemon avahi-utils baobab empathy
  empathy-common eog evolution evolution-common evolution-data-server
  evolution-data-server-common evolution-exchange evolution-plugins
  file-roller gcalctool gconf-defaults-service gconf-editor gconf2
  gconf2-common gdm gedit gedit-common gir1.2-freedesktop gir1.2-gconf-2.0
  gir1.2-glib-2.0 gir1.2-notify-0.7 gir1.2-soup-2.4
  gnome-accessibility-themes gnome-bluetooth gnome-disk-utility
  gnome-doc-utils gnome-games-common gnome-icon-theme gnome-keyring
  gnome-mahjongg gnome-media gnome-menus gnome-nettool gnome-orca
  gnome-power-manager gnome-screensaver gnome-screenshot gnome-search-tool
  gnome-session gnome-session-bin gnome-session-canberra
  gnome-session-common gnome-settings-daemon gnome-system-log
  gnome-system-monitor gnome-terminal gnome-terminal-data
  gnome-themes-selected gnome-user-share gnome-utils-common gnomine
  gsettings-desktop-schemas gucharmap ibus ibus-gtk libavahi-client3
  libavahi-common-data libavahi-common3 libavahi-core7 libavahi-glib1
  libavahi-gobject0 libavahi-ui0 libcanberra-gtk-module libcanberra-gtk0
  libcanberra-pulse libcanberra0 libdconf0 libebook1.2-10 libecal1.2-8
  libedataserver1.2-14 libegroupwise1.2-13 libevolution libgconf2-4 libgcr0
  libgdata-common libgdata11 libgdu-gtk0 libgdu0 libgirepository-1.0-1
  libgnome-bluetooth8 libgnome-keyring0 libgnome-menu2 libgnomekbd-common
  libgtk-vnc-1.0-0 libgucharmap7 libgweather-common libibus2
  libmetacity-private0 libmission-control-plugins0 libnautilus-extension1
  libnotify4 libpam-gnome-keyring libpolkit-agent-1-0 libpolkit-backend-1-0
  libpolkit-gobject-1-0 libpolkit-gtk-1-0 libquvi0 librsvg2-2
  librsvg2-common libsoup-gnome2.4-1 libsoup2.4-1 libstartup-notification0
  libtelepathy-glib0 libtelepathy-logger2 libtotem-plparser17
  libwebkitgtk-1.0-0 libwebkitgtk-1.0-common libwnck-common libwnck22
  libxklavier16 light-themes metacity metacity-common mousetweaks nautilus
  nautilus-data nautilus-sendto nautilus-sendto-empathy
  network-manager-gnome policykit-1 policykit-1-gnome python-gmenu
  python-ibus telepathy-butterfly telepathy-gabble telepathy-idle
  telepathy-logger telepathy-mission-control-5 telepathy-salut totem
  totem-common totem-mozilla totem-plugins ubuntu-artwork vinagre vino yelp
  yelp-xsl zenity
The following packages are RECOMMENDED but will NOT be installed:
  gir1.2-gtksource-3.0 gnome-icon-theme-symbolic
145 packages upgraded, 56 newly installed, 0 to remove and 7 not upgraded.
Need to get 175 MB/189 MB of archives. After unpacking 389 MB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n/?] y
root@ubuntu:~# sudo apt-get install gnome-shell
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following extra packages will be installed:
  gir1.2-clutter-1.0 gir1.2-gkbd-3.0 gir1.2-json-glib-1.0 gir1.2-mutter-3.0
  gir1.2-polkit-1.0 gir1.2-telepathyglib-0.12 gir1.2-telepathylogger-0.2
  gir1.2-upowerglib-1.0 gjs gnome-icon-theme-symbolic libclutter-1.0-0
  libclutter-1.0-common libgjs0b libmozjs185-1.0 libmutter0 mesa-utils
  mutter-common
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  gir1.2-clutter-1.0 gir1.2-gkbd-3.0 gir1.2-json-glib-1.0 gir1.2-mutter-3.0
  gir1.2-polkit-1.0 gir1.2-telepathyglib-0.12 gir1.2-telepathylogger-0.2
  gir1.2-upowerglib-1.0 gjs gnome-icon-theme-symbolic gnome-shell
  libclutter-1.0-0 libclutter-1.0-common libgjs0b libmozjs185-1.0 libmutter0
  mesa-utils mutter-common
0 upgraded, 18 newly installed, 0 to remove and 7 not upgraded.
Need to get 6,630 kB of archives.
After this operation, 22.7 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y

Reboot. Choose GNOME for your desktop session at the login prompt.

Uninstall

root@ubuntu:~# sudo apt-get install ppa-purge
root@ubuntu:~# sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3
...
The following packages will be DOWNGRADED:
  aisleriot avahi-autoipd avahi-daemon avahi-utils baobab empathy
  empathy-common eog evince evince-common evolution evolution-common
  evolution-data-server evolution-data-server-common evolution-exchange
  evolution-plugins file-roller gcalctool gconf-defaults-service
  gconf-editor gconf2 gconf2-common gdm gedit gedit-common
  gir1.2-clutter-1.0 gir1.2-freedesktop gir1.2-gconf-2.0 gir1.2-glib-2.0
  gir1.2-gtk-3.0 gir1.2-notify-0.7 gir1.2-soup-2.4
  gnome-accessibility-themes gnome-bluetooth gnome-disk-utility
  gnome-doc-utils gnome-games-common gnome-icon-theme gnome-keyring
  gnome-mahjongg gnome-media gnome-menus gnome-nettool gnome-orca
  gnome-power-manager gnome-screensaver gnome-screenshot gnome-search-tool
  gnome-session gnome-session-bin gnome-session-canberra
  gnome-session-common gnome-settings-daemon gnome-system-log
  gnome-system-monitor gnome-terminal gnome-terminal-data
  gnome-themes-selected gnome-user-share gnome-utils-common gnomine
  gsettings-desktop-schemas gucharmap ibus ibus-gtk libavahi-client3
  libavahi-common-data libavahi-common3 libavahi-core7 libavahi-glib1
  libavahi-gobject0 libavahi-ui0 libcanberra-gtk-module libcanberra-gtk0
  libcanberra-pulse libcanberra0 libclutter-1.0-0 libclutter-1.0-common
  libdconf0 libebook1.2-10 libecal1.2-8 libedataserver1.2-14
  libegroupwise1.2-13 libevolution libgconf2-4 libgcr0 libgdata-common
  libgdata11 libgdu-gtk0 libgdu0 libgirepository-1.0-1 libgjs0b
  libgnome-bluetooth8 libgnome-keyring0 libgnome-menu2 libgnomekbd-common
  libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common libgtk-vnc-1.0-0 libgucharmap7
  libgweather-common libibus2 libmetacity-private0
  libmission-control-plugins0 libnautilus-extension1 libnotify4
  libpam-gnome-keyring libpeas-1.0-0 libpeas-common libpolkit-agent-1-0
  libpolkit-backend-1-0 libpolkit-gobject-1-0 libpolkit-gtk-1-0 libquvi0
  librsvg2-2 librsvg2-common libsoup-gnome2.4-1 libsoup2.4-1
  libstartup-notification0 libtelepathy-glib0 libtelepathy-logger2
  libtotem-plparser17 libwebkitgtk-1.0-0 libwebkitgtk-1.0-common
  libwnck-common libwnck22 libxklavier16 light-themes metacity
  metacity-common mousetweaks nautilus nautilus-data nautilus-sendto
  nautilus-sendto-empathy network-manager-gnome policykit-1
  policykit-1-gnome python-gmenu python-ibus telepathy-butterfly
  telepathy-gabble telepathy-idle telepathy-logger
  telepathy-mission-control-5 telepathy-salut totem totem-common
  totem-mozilla totem-plugins ubuntu-artwork vinagre vino yelp yelp-xsl
  zenity
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  gir1.2-gstreamer-0.10{a} gnome-js-common{a} libevdocument3{a}
  libevview3{a} libseed0{a} xulrunner-2.0-mozjs{a}
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  accountsservice{u} dconf-gsettings-backend{u} gir1.2-gkbd-3.0{a}
  gir1.2-gnomebluetooth-1.0{u} gir1.2-mutter-3.0{u} gir1.2-peas-1.0{u}
  gir1.2-polkit-1.0{u} gir1.2-telepathyglib-0.12{u}
  gir1.2-telepathylogger-0.2{u} gir1.2-totem-1.0{u}
  gir1.2-totem-plparser-1.0{u} gir1.2-upowerglib-1.0{u} gjs{u}
  gnome-desktop3-data{u} gnome-icon-theme-symbolic{a} gnome-shell{a}
  gtk3-engines{u} gtk3-engines-unico{u} libappindicator3-1{u} libaudit0{u}
  libavahi-ui-gtk3-0{u} libcamel-1.2-23{a} libcanberra-gtk3-0{u}
  libcanberra-gtk3-module{u} libcap2-bin{u} libdbusmenu-gtk3-3{u}
  libebackend-1.2-1{a} libedata-book-1.2-9{a} libedata-cal-1.2-11{a}
  libedataserverui-3.0-0{a} libevince3-3{a} libgail-3-0{u} libgck0{u}
  libgcr-3-0{u} libgnome-control-center1{u} libgnome-desktop-3-0{u}
  libgnome-media-profiles-3.0-0{u} libgnomekbd7{a} libgtk-vnc-2.0-0{u}
  libgtkhtml-4.0-0{u} libgtkhtml-4.0-common{u} libgtkhtml-editor-4.0-0{u}
  libgtkmm-3.0-1{u} libgtksourceview-3.0-0{u}
  libgtksourceview-3.0-common{u} libgucharmap-2-90-7{u} libgvnc-1.0-0{u}
  libgweather-3-0{u} libindicator3-3{u} liblaunchpad-integration-3.0-1{u}
  libmozjs185-1.0{u} libmutter0{u} libtotem0{a} libunique-3.0-0{u}
  libvte-2.90-9{u} libwebkitgtk-3.0-0{u} libwebkitgtk-3.0-common{u}
  libwnck-3-0{u} libwnck-3-common{u} mesa-utils{u} mutter-common{u}
  sound-theme-freedesktop{u} zenity-common{a}
0 packages upgraded, 6 newly installed, 157 downgraded, 63 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 53.8 MB/58.7 MB of archives. After unpacking 406 MB will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n/?] y
Fetched 53.8 MB in 55s (973 kB/s)
Extracting templates from packages: 100%
Preconfiguring packages ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading libcanberra-pulse from 0.28-0ubuntu5~natty1 to 0.28-0ubuntu3.
(Reading database ... 141452 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to replace libcanberra-pulse 0.28-0ubuntu5~natty1 (using .../libcanberra-pulse_0.28-0ubuntu3_amd64.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement libcanberra-pulse ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading libcanberra0 from 0.28-0ubuntu5~natty1 to 0.28-0ubuntu3.
Preparing to replace libcanberra0 0.28-0ubuntu5~natty1 (using .../libcanberra0_0.28-0ubuntu3_amd64.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement libcanberra0 ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading libcanberra-gtk0 from 0.28-0ubuntu5~natty1 to 0.28-0ubuntu3.
Preparing to replace libcanberra-gtk0 0.28-0ubuntu5~natty1 (using .../libcanberra-gtk0_0.28-0ubuntu3_amd64.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement libcanberra-gtk0 ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading gconf2-common from 2.32.4-1ubuntu1~natty1 to 2.32.2-0ubuntu2.
Preparing to replace gconf2-common 2.32.4-1ubuntu1~natty1 (using .../gconf2-common_2.32.2-0ubuntu2_all.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement gconf2-common ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading libgconf2-4 from 2.32.4-1ubuntu1~natty1 to 2.32.2-0ubuntu2.
Preparing to replace libgconf2-4 2.32.4-1ubuntu1~natty1 (using .../libgconf2-4_2.32.2-0ubuntu2_amd64.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement libgconf2-4 ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading libpolkit-gobject-1-0 from 0.101-4~natty1 to 0.101-1ubuntu1.
Preparing to replace libpolkit-gobject-1-0 0.101-4~natty1 (using .../libpolkit-gobject-1-0_0.101-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement libpolkit-gobject-1-0 ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading libgcr0 from 3.0.3-2~natty1 to 2.92.92.is.2.32.1-0ubuntu2.
Preparing to replace libgcr0 3.0.3-2~natty1 (using .../libgcr0_2.92.92.is.2.32.1-0ubuntu2_amd64.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement libgcr0 ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading libgnome-keyring0 from 3.0.3-1~natty1 to 2.32.0-1ubuntu2.
Preparing to replace libgnome-keyring0 3.0.3-1~natty1 (using .../libgnome-keyring0_2.32.0-1ubuntu2_amd64.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement libgnome-keyring0 ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading gnome-keyring from 3.0.3-2~natty1 to 2.92.92.is.2.32.1-0ubuntu2.
Preparing to replace gnome-keyring 3.0.3-2~natty1 (using .../gnome-keyring_2.92.92.is.2.32.1-0ubuntu2_amd64.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement gnome-keyring ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading gconf2 from 2.32.4-1ubuntu1~natty1 to 2.32.2-0ubuntu2.
Preparing to replace gconf2 2.32.4-1ubuntu1~natty1 (using .../gconf2_2.32.2-0ubuntu2_amd64.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement gconf2 ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading file-roller from 3.0.2-0ubuntu1~natty1 to 2.32.1-0ubuntu4.
Preparing to replace file-roller 3.0.2-0ubuntu1~natty1 (using .../file-roller_2.32.1-0ubuntu4_amd64.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement file-roller ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading evince from 3.0.2-0ubuntu4~natty1 to 2.32.0-0ubuntu12.
Preparing to replace evince 3.0.2-0ubuntu4~natty1 (using .../evince_2.32.0-0ubuntu12_amd64.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement evince ...
dpkg: error processing /var/cache/apt/archives/evince_2.32.0-0ubuntu12_amd64.deb (--unpack):
 trying to overwrite '/usr/share/glib-2.0/schemas/org.gnome.Evince.gschema.xml', which is also in package evince-common 3.0.2-0ubuntu4~natty1
No apport report written because MaxReports is reached already
                                                              dpkg-deb: error: subprocess paste was killed by signal (Broken pipe)
dpkg: warning: downgrading totem-plugins from 3.0.1-0ubuntu2~natty1 to 2.32.0-0ubuntu10.
Preparing to replace totem-plugins 3.0.1-0ubuntu2~natty1 (using .../totem-plugins_2.32.0-0ubuntu10_amd64.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement totem-plugins ...
dpkg: warning: downgrading totem-mozilla from 3.0.1-0ubuntu2~natty1 to 2.32.0-0ubuntu10.
Preparing to replace totem-mozilla 3.0.1-0ubuntu2~natty1 (using .../totem-mozilla_2.32.0-0ubuntu10_amd64.deb) ...
Unpacking replacement totem-mozilla ...
Processing triggers for man-db ...
Processing triggers for libglib2.0-0 ...
Processing triggers for python-gmenu ...
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/desktop.en_US.utf8.cache...
Processing triggers for bamfdaemon ...
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf.index...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme ...
Processing triggers for python-support ...
Errors were encountered while processing:
 /var/cache/apt/archives/evince_2.32.0-0ubuntu12_amd64.deb
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
A package failed to install.  Trying to recover:
Setting up libpolkit-gobject-1-0 (0.101-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libgcr0 (2.92.92.is.2.32.1-0ubuntu2) ...
Setting up gconf2-common (2.32.2-0ubuntu2) ...
Setting up gnome-keyring (2.92.92.is.2.32.1-0ubuntu2) ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/xdg/autostart/gnome-keyring-pkcs11.desktop ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/xdg/autostart/gnome-keyring-secrets.desktop ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/xdg/autostart/gnome-keyring-ssh.desktop ...
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of totem-mozilla:
 totem-mozilla depends on totem (= 2.32.0-0ubuntu10); however:
  Version of totem on system is 3.0.1-0ubuntu2~natty1.
dpkg: error processing totem-mozilla (--configure):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Setting up libcanberra0 (0.28-0ubuntu3) ...
Setting up libcanberra-gtk0 (0.28-0ubuntu3) ...
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of totem-plugins:
 totem-plugins depends on totem (= 2.32.0-0ubuntu10); however:
  Version of totem on system is 3.0.1-0ubuntu2~natty1.
dpkg: error processing totem-plugins (--configure):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Setting up libgnome-keyring0 (2.32.0-1ubuntu2) ...
Setting up libgconf2-4 (2.32.2-0ubuntu2) ...
Setting up libcanberra-pulse (0.28-0ubuntu3) ...
Setting up gconf2 (2.32.2-0ubuntu2) ...
Setting up file-roller (2.32.1-0ubuntu4) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin ...
ldconfig deferred processing now taking place
Errors were encountered while processing:
 totem-mozilla
 totem-plugins
Current status: 2 broken [+2].
Warning:  Something went wrong, packages may not have been reverted

Fix totem by uninstalling the ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3 packages and installing the packages from the standard Ubuntu Natty repository:

root@ubuntu:~# aptitude purge totem-common totem totem-mozilla totem-plugins
root@ubuntu:~# aptitude install totem totem-common totem-mozilla totem-plugins
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  totem totem-common totem-mozilla totem-plugins
0 packages upgraded, 4 newly installed, 0 to remove and 1 not upgraded.

Remove GNOME 3 gnome-shell:

root@ubuntu:~# aptitude remove gnome-shell
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  gnome-shell
0 packages upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B of archives. After unpacking 4,084 kB will be freed.
(Reading database ... 140981 files and directories currently installed.)
Removing gnome-shell ...
Processing triggers for libglib2.0-0 ...
Processing triggers for python-gmenu ...
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/desktop.en_US.utf8.cache...
Processing triggers for bamfdaemon ...
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf.index...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils ...
Processing triggers for gconf2 ...
Processing triggers for man-db ...
Processing triggers for python-support ...
Current status: 32013 new [-1].

Once you reboot, you should be able to choose Ubuntu (Unity) for your desktop session.

References

Debian, Linux, Ubuntu

Installing Sun Java Non-interactively

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In order to install the Sun Java packages on Debian or Ubuntu, you must first accept Sun’s license. Normally you are suppose to do this through an interactive menu. In order to get around this license prompt you can accept the license prior to installing the package.
Create a file containing the following lines:

sun-java5-jdk shared/accepted-sun-dlj-v1-1 select true
sun-java5-jre shared/accepted-sun-dlj-v1-1 select true
sun-java6-jdk shared/accepted-sun-dlj-v1-1 select true
sun-java6-jre shared/accepted-sun-dlj-v1-1 select true

Then run /usr/bin/debconf-set-selections as root. Now you should not be prompted to accept the license anymore.

References

Linux, Ubuntu

Determine files associated to a package in APT

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Fetch Contents files from apt-sources

root@ubuntu:~# apt-file update
Downloading complete file http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid/Contents-amd64.gz
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 16.7M  100 16.7M    0     0  13.2M      0  0:00:01  0:00:01 --:--:-- 13.3M
Downloading complete file http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid-updates/Contents-amd64.gz
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 5738k  100 5738k    0     0  8368k      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 8389k
Downloading complete file http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid-security/Contents-amd64.gz
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 3321k  100 3321k    0     0   9.7M      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  9.8M
Downloading Index http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid/Contents-amd64.diff/Index:
No Index available.
Downloading complete file http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid/Contents-amd64.gz
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0
File is up-to-date.
Downloading Index http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid-updates/Contents-amd64.diff/Index:
No Index available.
Downloading complete file http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid-updates/Contents-amd64.gz
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0
File is up-to-date.
Downloading Index http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid-security/Contents-amd64.diff/Index:
No Index available.
Downloading complete file http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid-security/Contents-amd64.gz
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0
File is up-to-date.
Downloading Index http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid/Contents-amd64.diff/Index:
No Index available.
Downloading complete file http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid/Contents-amd64.gz
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0
File is up-to-date.
Downloading Index http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid-updates/Contents-amd64.diff/Index:
No Index available.
Downloading complete file http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid-updates/Contents-amd64.gz
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0
File is up-to-date.
Downloading Index http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid-security/Contents-amd64.diff/Index:
No Index available.
Downloading complete file http://mirror.anl.gov/ubuntu/dists/lucid-security/Contents-amd64.gz
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0
File is up-to-date.
Ignoring source without Contents File:
  http://archive.canonical.com/dists/lucid/Contents-amd64.gz

Find what package installs a file

root@ubuntu:~# apt-file search /etc/init/upstart-udev-bridge.conf
upstart: /etc/init/upstart-udev-bridge.conf

List the files installed by a package

root@ubuntu:~# apt-file list upstart
brltty: /usr/share/doc/brltty/examples/upstart.job
cloud-init: /usr/share/doc/cloud-init/examples/upstart-cloud-config.txt
cloud-init: /usr/share/doc/cloud-init/examples/upstart-rclocal.txt
debhelper: /usr/share/debhelper/autoscripts/postinst-upstart
debhelper: /usr/share/debhelper/autoscripts/postinst-upstart-replace
debhelper: /usr/share/debhelper/autoscripts/postinst-upstart-restart
debhelper: /usr/share/debhelper/autoscripts/prerm-upstart
debhelper: /usr/share/debhelper/autoscripts/prerm-upstart-norestart
ebox-openvpn: /usr/share/ebox/stubs/openvpn/upstart.mas
ifupdown: /etc/network/if-down.d/upstart
ifupdown: /etc/network/if-up.d/upstart
...